ПРОБЛЕМЫ КОНТРОЛЯ ПРИ ИЗУЧЕНИИ ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ
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реrfоrmаncе аssеssmеnts. Twо tуреs оf
реrfоrmаncе аssеssmеnts аrе frеquеntlу
discussеd in thе litеrаturе: аnаlуtic аnd
hоlistic. Аnаlуtic scоring rubrics dividе а
реrfоrmаncе intо sераrаtе fаcеts аnd еаch
fаcеt is еvаluаtеd during а sераrаtе scаlе.
Hоlistic scоring rubrics usе а singlе
scаlе tо еvаluаtе thе lаrgеr рrоcеss. In hоlistic
scоring rubrics, аll оf thе fаcеts thаt mаkе-uр
thе tаsk аrе еvаluаtеd in cоmbinаtiоn. Thе
rеcоmmеndаtiоns thаt fоllоw аrе аррrорriаtе
tо bоth аnаlуtic аnd hоlistic scоring rubrics.
Реrfоrmаncе аssеssmеnt fаlls intо twо
cаtеgоriеs:
аchiеvеmеnt-rеlаtеd bеhаviоrs
еxhibitеd bу thе studеnt (е.g., cоmmunicаtiоn
оr rеаding skills) аnd аchiеvеmеnt-rеlаtеd
рrоducts thаt studеnts dеvеlор (е.g., writtеn
rероrts оr рrоjеcts). Реrfоrmаncе аssеssmеnt
rеquirе thаt thе аssеssоr: (1) оbsеrvе thе
bеhаviоr оr еxаminе thе рrоduct thаt is
rеflеctivе оf аchiеvеmеnt, аnd (2) аррlу
clеаrlу аrticulаtеd реrfоrmаncе critеriа sо аs
tо mаkе а sоund рrоfеssiоnаl judgmеnt
rеgаrding
thе
lеvеl
оf
рrоficiеncу
dеmоnstrаtеd. Intuitiоns, imрrеssiоns, аnd
“fееlings” аbоut studеnt реrfоrmаncе аrе nоt а
раrt оf sоund реrfоrmаncе аssеssmеnt. Likе
рареr-аnd-реncil
tеsts,
реrfоrmаncе
аssеssmеnts must аdhеrе tо cеrtаin rulеs оf
еvidеncе.
In this sеctiоn, рrоcеdurеs аrе рrоvidеd
fоr thе dеsign оf реrfоrmаncе аssеssmеnt
tаsks аnd instrumеnts thаt cаn bе includеd in
роrtfоliоs оf lаnguаgе minоritу studеnts аnd
childrеn lеаrning Еnglish аs а nоn-nаtivе
lаnguаgе. Рrоcеdurеs fоr аssеssing sреcific
lаnguаgе skills аrеаs (оrаl lаnguаgе, rеаding
аnd writing) аnd thеir intеgrаtiоn аrе
dеscribеd.
Suggеstiоns аrе аlsо рrоvidеd fоr
dеsigning studеnts sеlf-аssеssmеnt mеаsurеs
оf lаnguаgе рrоficiеncу аnd lаnguаgе lеаrning
strаtеgiеs. Еаch cаtеgоrу includеs briеf
dеscriрtiоns
оf tуреs оf аssеssmеnts
рrоcеdurеs аnd wауs tо dеsign аnd аdministеr
реrfоrmаncе tаsks, with раrticulаr аttеntiоn tо
thе dеvеlорmеnt оf аррrорriаtе scоring
рrоcеdurеs. Еаch аssеssmеnt tеchniquе shоuld
bе аdарtеd аs nееdеd tо mаtch thе
dеvеlорmеntаl аnd lаnguаgе рrоficiеncу
lеvеls оf thе studеnts. This cаn includе
аssеssmеnt in thе studеnts’ nаtivе lаnguаgе.
Thus, реrfоrmаncе-bаsеd аssеssmеnt is
thе tуре оf аssеssmеnt fоr thе аррlicаtiоn оf
knоwlеdgе аnd skills thrоugh реrfоrmаncе
tаsks.
REFERENCES
1. Гальскова Н.Д. Современная методика
обучения иностранным языкам. Пособие
для учителя. - М., 2003. – С. 130 – 149.
2. Девина Л.И. Обучение устному профес-
сиональному общению на иностранном
языке: Автореферат дисс. канд. пед. на-
ук. – М., 1989. – 23 с.
3. Пассов Е.И. Основы методики обучения
иностранному языку. – М.: Русский
язык, 1977. – 216 с.
4. Allwright, D. & Bailey, K. M. (1990).
Focus on the language classroom: An
introduction to classroom research for
language
teachers.
Cambridge:
Cam-
bridgeUniversity Press.
5. Ames, C. (1992). Classrooms: Goals,
structures, and student motivation. Journal
of Educational Psychology, 84 (3): 261-
271.
УДК 811.111
TESTING LANGUAGE SKILLS AND LANGUAGE KNOWLEDGE
Slamkhanova M.K.
The success in teaching the English lan-
guage to great extent depends on the level of
focus on the knowledge quality and on the
attention paid for preventive inspection of
mistakes [10, с. 90]. Long pedagogical experi-
ence shows that checking pupils’ knowledge
in the form of short control tasks, convention-
ally called tests, can be of great use in the
process of teaching. We can assuredly say that
tests are not only the most effective form of
knowledge control but it is also the more ob-
jective indicator of pupils’ assimilation of lan-
ПРОБЛЕМЫ КОНТРОЛЯ ПРИ ИЗУЧЕНИИ ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ
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guage than usual current and individual check-
ing. Regular testing stimulates the activity and
attention of pupils on the lesson, increases
their responsibility in making classroom tasks
and home tasks.
Testing is certainly not the only way to
assess students, but there are many good rea-
sons for including a test in the language
course.
• A test can give the teacher valuable in-
formation about where the students are in their
learning and can affect what the teacher will
cover next. They will help a teacher to decide
if her teaching has been effective and help to
highlight what needs to be reviewed. Testing
can be as much an assessment of the teaching
as the learning
• Tests can be extremely motivating and
give students a sense of progress. They can
highlight areas for students to work on and tell
them what has and hasn't been effective in
their learning.
• Tests can give students a sense of ac-
complishment as well as information about
what they know and what they need to review.
• Tests can also have a positive effect in
that they encourage students to review mate-
rial covered on the course.
• Tests are also a learning opportunity
after they have been taken. The feedback after
a test can be invaluable in helping a student to
understand something she couldn't do during
the test.
In order to compile a good test it is nec-
essary that the test should be valid, reliable,
scorable, economic and administrable. The
first criterion is validity. If the test measures
what it is intended to measure, it is a valid test.
If a test, for example, measures pronunciation
and nothing else, it is a valid test of pronuncia-
tion.
The second criterion is reliability. If a
test yields the same results not once, i.e. if the
results are not accidental but they reveal some
stability, it is a reliable test. If a test can be
scored with case so that the users are able to
handle it, the test measures what economy is a
practical criterion [3, p.126]. If a test meas-
ures what we want it to test in a reasonable
time considering the testing situation, it is an
economic test. Testing time is precious time.
We must test in one hour what has been
learned in a month or a year or several years.
The test will be administered if any teacher,
not specially trained can handle the conduct of
testing with ease and the latter does not re-
quire complicated equipment.
The teacher tests the pupil’s command
of the target language, that is, his ability to use
it in its two forms, oral and written. Therefore,
the items of testing should fully correspond to
the aims and objectives. They are: 1) aural
comprehension (listening), 2) speaking (mono-
logue and dialogue), 3) reading (oral and si-
lent), 4) writing (words, sentences, dictations,
written reproductions, etc.).
In our schools oral testing often takes
the form of questioning the class or some in-
dividuals. The manner in which each pupil
reacts to the teacher’s questions shows his
readiness for the lesson and his achievement in
learning some particular material. This often
results in assigning marks to several pupils.
Since there are many items of testing as well
as pupils in the class the teacher needs special
tests to measure his pupils’ achievements. At
present the following tests are available:
teacher-made tests, ready-made tests (for ex-
ample, in the Teacher’s Book), and standard-
ized tests (made by the Department of Educa-
tion). Naturally, teacher-made tests are the
best because teacher knows the material his
pupils have covered better than anyone else
does, that is why he can administer a test
which will correspond to his pupils’ capaci-
ties. However, in administering tests he should
always keep in mind the items of testing, that
is, the syllabus requirements for this particular
form. [4, p.178].
Great number of tests involves skills in
listening comprehension. These may be an-
swering “yes” any questions, choosing an-
swers from multiple-choice items on cards
distributed beforehand, etc. They involve tests
on spelling. The examples of them are the fol-
lowing tests on spelling of some particular
sound:
Pupils listen to the words. Then they are
to define whether couples of words are the
same or different:
heat-heat, heat-hit, chair-share.
The testing of listening may be adminis-
tered in two ways depending on pupils’ reac-
tion to the material they hear. A text is pre-
sented either by the teacher or on tape. Each
pupil is given a set of pictures (3-4) one of
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which corresponds to the item that he hears.
Pupil listens to the text and identifies the pic-
ture by raising it (immediate testing) or by
putting a mark (a number) in a special place
provided for it (delayed testing). A text is pre-
sented, preferably on the tape. The class or
each pupil is given a definite task before lis-
tening. During after-listening stage pupils are
asked to do special assignments [2, p.130].
Tests checking oral comprehension are
to be held on more complicated language ma-
terial – sentences, dialogues, whole text. The
sentence is read for pupils. And pupils are to
find the sentence which is true about the text.
Tapescript: Fred spent his childhood in
France.
a) Fred used to work in France.
b) Fred lived in France as a boy.
c) Fred now has his home in France.
d) Fred has just returned from France.
The analogous test can be conducted as
a dialogue.
Testing speaking is the most difficult as
the teacher will want to test pronunciation,
stress, sustained speaking, use of vocabulary
and grammatical structures. The best way to
measure the achievements in speaking is by
testing each pupil individually. But this is very
time-consuming and, although the teacher
does his best to question as many pupils as he
possibly can, he fails to listen to all, and as a
result this major language skill is often not
controlled in any way whatsoever. Instead the
teacher tests knowledge of words, structures;
ability to ask and answer questions in written
form, ability to describe a situation or topic
suggested. In order to avoid this, the following
testing technique may be proposed. Each pupil
records his response on the tape. The teacher
plays back the tape as he has time and evalu-
ates each pupil’s performance. Contemporary
teaching aids make this available. It has been
calculated that it takes a pupil 1-1,5 minutes to
make a response containing 3-4 sentences. The
test must be constructed in such a way that the
pupil wouldn’t need a lengthy answer but his
response must show his ability to pronounce
and intone, use certain vocabulary and gram-
matical
structures,
and
to
demonstrate
whether his speech is sustained or not. It will
not take the teacher more than half an hour to
evaluate the achievement of all his pupils in a
given form and get a clear picture of each in-
dividual on a given topic. Regular oral tests
will increase pupil’s sense of responsibility
and desire to master the spoken language [8,
p.44]. It is very difficult to make up narrow
directed and readable objective tests on such
complex skill as speaking.
Testing reading deals with comprehen-
sion and speed. The former is more important
than the latter. Testing reading may be admin-
istered aloud or silently. Each pupil gets a pas-
sage, accompanied by a set of questions on
cards which can be true-and-false type, multi-
ple-choice, or a type that requires a statement
for an answer. In case of reading aloud the test
may be administered in the language labora-
tory with each pupil recording his reading.
Subsequent evaluation is carried out in the
manner described above for measuring speak-
ing skills. If pupils read silently the teacher
collects cards and evaluates every pupil [8,
p.21].
Tests on reading differ in the way of
checking pupils’ knowledge –ability to read
separate words or ability to read and under-
stand the content of the extract.
Testing vocabulary and grammar is car-
ried out indirectly or directly. All the above
mentioned tests imply testing vocabulary and
grammar since the pupil cannot give a satis-
factory answer to any test if he doesn’t know
the words and grammar items required. This is
indirect testing. However, the teacher may
administer direct testing when he proposes a
vocabulary test or a grammar test. Tests on
checking knowledge of grammar structures are
extremely various [7, p. 63]. Among them one
can point out the test on making up sentences
using separate words. All words are enumer-
ated and pupils on sheets of paper write only
sequence of figures, for example 53124, etc.
This kind of job makes checking tests easier.
Sometimes, pupils are suggested to insert
some words (often modal words, particles,
gerund, etc.) into the sentences. (The teacher
enumerates all positions for inserting in the
sentence).
1. Articles: He was elected … President.
a) a; b) an; c) the; d) 0 ..
2. Prepositions: The machine consists
…3 main parts.
a) in; b) from; c) of; d) 0 .
3. Tenses: The train is coming at 5
o’clock.
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a) It’s 5 o’clock now and the train is
coming;
b) The train comes at 5 every day;
c) The train will come at 5;
d) The train came at 5.
4.Voices:He was often laughed at by his
friends.
a) He often laughed with his friends;
b) His friends often laughed at him;
c)He often laughed at his friends;
d) His friends were often laughed at (by
him).
5.Tail-questions:
You are ready, …. ?
a) isn’t it?; b) don’t you?; c) aren’t
you?; d) are you?
Tests on checking lexis also have sev-
eral variants [1, p.165].
1) the teacher gives pupils several pho-
tos or pictures with similar sets of things (ani-
mals, plants, family members, etc.) He calls
anything in them and pupils raise the appro-
priate photo or picture. Of course, such kind of
test is not very economic because of the ne-
cessity to make large number of photos.
2) at the initial stages, when the vocabu-
lary of pupils is not very large, one can give
them a task to define which of 3-4 words can
be combined with a key word : “to break”
a)a cap; b) a cup; c) a book; d) a ball..
It goes without saying that this test can
be conducted only when pupils know not only
the definitions of words, included into the test,
but also their combinability.
At more advanced stages pupils can de-
fine equivalent words or word combinations in
the test:
“He enjoyed the party”.
a) He joined the party; b) He liked the
party; c) He arranged the party.
Eventually, tests in writing as a rule are
based on the task that pupils must correct the
mistakes in the sentences:
It was raining the hole day.
I’ll come in 2 ours.
I like spots and games
Very often tests of multiple choice type
are offered:
Tele….one
a) f; b) ph; c) gh.
Table 1 presents test formats applicable
for each of the four language skills [6, p. 35].
Table 1. Test formats for different language skills
Language Skills
Test Formats
Reading skills
Multiple-choice items
Open questions
Cloze test
Gap-filling test
False/true statement
Listening skills
Multiple-choice items
False/true statements
Gap-filling tests
Dictations
Open questions
Writing skills
Compositions
Reproductions
Writing stories
Writing diaries
Filling-in forms
Word formation
Sentence transformation
Dictations
Speaking skills
Retelling stories
Describing pictures
Describing people
Spotting the differences
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All the tests are easy to evaluate and the
marks that the teacher assigns are objective
because tests measure exactly what the pupil
has learnt. Marks are assigned on the basis of
the work done in a particular class [5, p.41].
When the teacher administers a test the fol-
lowing scale of marks may be suggested:
“5” – more than 80 % correct answers
“4” – from 60 to 79 % correct answers.
“3” – from 40 to 59 % correct answers.
“2” – less than 39 % of correct answers.
Other technique of test checking is
rather simple: teacher sticks his sheet of paper
with correct answers on the sheets of pupils
and points out only the cases when they do not
match. As it can be seen from the told above,
the answers can be in short - figure/ letter -
form. There can be also a peculiar system of
results calculation and tests evaluation. The
authors make up tests in such a way that the
number of points in them was divisible with-
out remainder by ten. In this case one can eas-
ily convert the test results in percentage. In
order to define which of pupils managed with
a test, teacher uses the way of searching the
median meaning. For example, group of 7 men
made a tests consisting of 20 points. The num-
ber of right answers is written in raising order:
10, 13, 14, 15, 15, 18, 19, 19. The fourth and
central figure turns out to be the number 15. It
is considered the minimal score degree to pass
the test. In such a way, in this group two pu-
pils couldn’t do the test and answered cor-
rectly only on 10-13 points.
The positive side of such system of
work evaluation is that teacher has not fixed
and at the same time urgently subjective and
indistinct system of marks but the changeable
system (for example: A, B, C, D, or 2, 3, 4, 5).
The mark of progress of each pupil de-
pends on the results of work of the whole class
(group) and, vice versa, every pupil influences
on the mark of the class (group). Because be-
fore the test the class had taken general train-
ing exercises and during the test it has been
doing the similar operations, teacher had a
detailed picture of his class assimilation of the
taken theme [9, p.29].
The shortcomings in marks are twofold:
1) the lack of clearly defined, generally
accepted definitions of what the various marks
should mean, as a result the meanings of
marks tend to vary from teacher to teacher;
2) the lack of sufficiently relevant ob-
jective as a basis for assigning marks.
The result is marks tend to be unreli-
able. Many investigators found wide differ-
ences on what various marks should mean and
the standards that should be followed in as-
signing them. It still wants it investigators to
work out a system of objective foreign lan-
guage tests for every level of instruction and
language skill. Such a system of tests will
make valid marking possible. At the present
time the procedures for assigning marks are
about as good or as weak as the teachers who
apply them. Since there is no objective ap-
proach to the measuring the achievements of
pupils, the teacher relies upon his intuition, the
traditions that are observed at school, his per-
sonal experience, and other chance factors.
REFERENCES
1. Настольная книга преподавателя ино-
странного языка. – Минск, 1992.
2. Heaton J. B Classroom Testing. - Longman
London1990 – c. 10-20.
3. Hughes A. Testing for Language Teachers.
- Cambridge University Press 1989. - c. 45.
4. Krasyk N.I. Testing Speaking // ”Ино-
странные языки в школе”, 1989, #6. – c.
47.
5. Kunina E.A. Auding. – Moscow, 1995 – p.
130.
6. Marianne Gelce. Techniques and resources
in teaching grammar. / M. Gelce, Murcia
Sharon - Oxford University press, 1988. –
p. 34-54.
7. Reznic. A grammar of modern English us-
age. – Moscow, 1997. – p. 64.
8. Rozenkrantz M.A. Reading in TFL // ”Ино-
странные языки в школе”, 1988, #5. - p.
43.
9. Soldatov G.A. About marks //”Foreign
Languages at school”, 1972, #2. – p. 41.
10. Viasburg M.L. Requirements to speaking
skills/ M.L.Viasburg, A.D. Klimentenko //”
Foreign Languages at school” 1972, #3. –p.
43.
11. www.ets.org.
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