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make current decisions about program issues
or needs. Note that many people regularly un-
dertake some nature of program evaluation -
they just don't do it in a formal fashion so they
don't get the most out of their efforts or they
make conclusions that are inaccurate (some
evaluators would disagree that this is program
evaluation if not done methodically). Conse-
quently, they miss precious opportunities to
make more of difference for their customer
and clients, or to get a bigger bang for their
buck.
So What is Program Evaluation?
First, let us consider "what is a pro-
gram?" Typically, organizations work from
their mission to identify several overall goals
which must be reached to accomplish their
mission. In nonprofits, each of these goals of-
ten becomes a program. Nonprofit programs
are organized methods to provide certain re-
lated services to constituents, e.g., clients, cus-
tomers, patients, etc. Programs must be evalu-
ated to decide if the programs are indeed use-
ful to constituents. In a for-profit,
a program is
often a one-time effort to produce a new prod-
uct or line of products.
So, still, what is program evaluation?
Program evaluation is carefully collecting in-
formation about a program or some aspect of a
program in order to make necessary decisions
about the program. Program evaluation can
include any or a variety of at least 35 different
types of evaluation, such as for needs assess-
ments, accreditation, cost/benefit analysis,
effectiveness, efficiency, formative, summa-
tive, goal-based, process, outcomes, etc. The
type of evaluation you undertake to improve
your programs depends on what you want to
learn about the program. Don't worry about
what type of evaluation you need or are doing-
worry about what you need to know to make
the program decisions you need to make, and
worry about how you can accurately collect
and understand that information.
So, then where Program Evaluation is
Helpful? See some frequent Reasons:
Program evaluation can:
1. Understand, verify or increase the
impact of products or services on customers or
clients - These "outcomes" evaluations are
increasingly required by nonprofit funders as
verification that the nonprofits are indeed
helping their constituents. Too often, service
providers (for-profit or nonprofit) rely on their
own instincts and passions to conclude what
their customers or clients really need and
whether the products or services are providing
what is needed. Over time, these organizations
find themselves in a lot of guessing about
what would be a good product or service, and
trial and error about how new products or ser-
vices could be delivered.
2. Improve delivery mechanisms to be
more efficient and less costly - Over time,
product or service delivery ends up to be an
inefficient collection of activities that are less
efficient and more costly than need be.
Evaluations can identify program strengths
and weaknesses to improve the program.
3. Verify that you're doing what you
think you're doing - Typically, plans about
how to deliver services, end up changing sub-
stantially as those plans are put into place.
Evaluations can verify if the program is really
running as originally planned.
Other Reasons:
Program evaluation can:
4. Facilitate management's really think-
ing about what their program is all about, in-
cluding its goals, how it meets it goals and
how it will know if it has met its goals or not.
5. Produce data or verify results that can
be used for public relations and promoting
services in the community.
6. Produce valid comparisons between
programs to decide which should be retained,
e.g., in the face of pending budget cuts.
7. Fully examine and describe effective
programs for duplication elsewhere.
Still, evaluation has remained an essen-
tially empirical endeavor that emphasizes data
collection and reporting and the underlying
skills of research design, measurement, and
analysis. Related fields, such as organization
development (OD), differ from evaluation in
their emphasis on skills like establishing trust-
ing and respectful relationships, communicat-
ing effectively, diagnosis, negotiation, motiva-
tion, and change dynamics. The future of pro-
gram evaluation should include graduate edu-
cation and professional training programs that
deliberately blend these two skill sets to pro-
duce a new kind of professional-a scholar-
practitioner who integrates objective reflection
based on systematic inquiry with interventions
designed to improve policies and programs