Түйін
Мақалада интербелсенді оқыту Yдістемесінің тYрбиелік тетіктері білім алушылардың бойында толеранттылық,
жауапкершілік, қарым - қатынас мYдениеттілігі сияқты тұлғалық мYнді сапалардың қалыптасуындағы маңыздылығы
туралы баяндалады. Біртұтас педагогикалық ұдеріс теориясына сYйкес оқу-тYрбие үдерісінде қатысушылардың
арасында орын алған қатынастар – тYрбиелік тетіктері болып анықталады.
Интербелсенді оқыту Yдістемесінде тYрбиелік тетіктердің мYні білім алушылардың арақатынасымен анықталады.
Интербелседі оқытуда білім алушылардың Yрекеті жеке, жұпта, топта ұйымдастырылады. Білім алушылардың оқу
міндеттерін шешуге бағытталған бірлескен Yрекеттері олардың Yрқайсының шығармашылық қабілеттерің ашуға, ой
белсенділігің дамытуға, бір-бірін сыйласып түсінісуге тYрбиелейтін мүмкіндіктерін негіздейді. Сондықтан да,
педагогтар интербелсенді оқытуда Yдіс-тYсілдерді дұрыс қолданып, олардың білім алушылардың еріктік-эмоционал-
дық жYне адамгершілік саласына ықпалын тігізетіндігіне мYн беру керек.
Интербелсенді оқыту Yдістемесің қолданған сабақтарда оқытушының қызметі Yртүрлілігімен сипатталынып,
ерекше нақты дайындықты талап етеді.
Summary
The article deals with educational mechanisms of a technique of interactive training which have special value for the
formation of students' personality traits such as: tolerance, responsibility, the culture of communication, the desire to engage in
co-operation, and others. According to the theory of complete pedagogical process the relationship that develops between all
participants in the educational process are called educational mechanisms.
The essence of the educational mechanisms in a technique of interactive training is defined by the relationship which
arises and function at the organization of individual, pair and group creative activity of the students. The interaction of the
participants, aimed at solving educational problems, based on the manifestation of every creative abilities, activation of mental
activity, understanding and mutual respect. Thus, the teacher should pay attention to the use of methods and techniques of
interactive learning, having an influence on the formation of emotional and volitional and moral sphere of students.
In the classroom with the using of interactive methodology the teacher’s functions are characterized by a variety and
require careful preparation.
УДК 821.512.122:78.071.1
HOMONYMY AND POLYSEMY OF NOUNS IN ENGLISH
I.K. Kerimsheyeva – postgraduate student,
D.A. Akberdiyeva – master, “Miras” University
The word is the essential structural-semantic unit of a language, naming the objects and their characteristics, relations,
having total combination of semantic, phonetic and grammatical indications specific to given language.
Polysemy is inherent in either words or morphemes (root or affixal), also in constructive objects (word-combinations,
sentences, texts). Polysemy characterizes overwhelming majority of words (either nominal or link words), which we can
easily be convinced in if open explanatory dictionary of any language.
But we should differentiate polysemy from homonymy. Homonymous units have coinciding components (either sound or
graphical, or both). There is no connection between homonymous words, which could affirm about the relation of semantic
motivation.
Mainly there are two views towards homonymy and polysemy. According to the first view, homonyms are those words
that sound equally, which long ago were diffirent in forms and only in the process of historical development coincided with
each other in common phonation owing to various phonetic and in general incidental reasons. Other cases, when eqial
material and sonic form “wears” different content, are admitted as polysemy.
According to the second view, to homonyms either the words that are historically different are related, but in some cases
towards historical reasons concided in phonation, or those cases when various meanings of polysemantic word differ so that
its material form “breaks”, giving a life to two or more new words.
Key words: constructive objects, dialectic unity, historical development, cognitive potential, diachronic process,
derivations, nouns, polysemantic words, homonymous words
Вестник КазНПУ им. Абая, серия «Педагогические науки», №1(45), 2015 г.
87
The goal of this article is the investigation on the basis of various resources of polysemy and homonymy of
some English nouns.
During the procedure of work next aims were set up:
1) to analyze the origin of polysemy and homonymy in English;
2) to make a review of polysemy and antonymy of English nouns;
3) to reveal the problem of a word polysemy and the problem of homonymy.
During many centuries the traditional object of investigation is a noun, which takes the essential place in the
system of parts of speech. It acts as the initial linguistic material, necessary to describe the objects of environment.
The noun has the substantial feature and can denote either concrete or abstract objects.
In this case it is pointed on supposition of two varieties – concrete and abstract. The first is tend to physically
existing objects of environment, the latter – for the objects, not existing as separate phenomena of environment,
but percieved by consciousness in so-called relative form of an object.
The meaning of a word consists of dialectic unity of linguistic and non-linguistic content. Within the
description the physical image of a word and display of an object there is a connection. The reconstruction of this
connection takes place in the mind automatically: as linguistic sign acts on consciousness there is the display of an
object, which is denoted with this sign.
The derivation process of secondary meanings is connected with historical genesis of a language, what is more
the signifant role is taken by psycho-physical potentials of a man with the skill to build assocative connections.
Nowadays the condition of lexis is the product of extended historical development, the processes of which
were graded in the languages of mental and cognitive potential of the speakers. Polysemy of the word is the direct
evidence of that lexis of a language is constantly in dynamic condition, revealing the changes of environmental
reality.
There can be such stages of development through which a word penetrates to gain a foothold finally in
linguistic environment:
a) using;
b) consolidating;
c) forming.
From the logical point of view any meaning of a polysemantic word is the primary use of direct meaning of a
word, i.e. within the primary and secondary meanings theren is a successive connection. The word starts to be
used in a particular meaning within one or some more social groups.
As for homonyms, there are a plenty of words in the modern language, whilst a verb and a noun in Old English
became homonyms.
For instance, anger – гнев, разгневаться; name – имя, называть
There are similar examples either with adjectives and verbs: busy – занятый, заняться; free – свободный,
освободить; dry – сухой, сохнуть; own – собственный, владеть
Polysemy is based on coherence of word meaning: all its meanings are based on common meaning. However
not all word meanings are saved in equal level and influence on its usage and word forming connections. It leads
to that polysemantic word breaks down to series of words, which have in common only sound form.
Natural functioning of a language permanently causes to the shifts of this simple correlation «one to one», and
generates another correlation «one to more, than to one».
For instance, let’s take the word «oil». The several meanings can be pointed in a dictionary:
1. растительное масло
2. нефть
3. масляные краски
A set of meanings of the same word are called semantic structure of a word in the works of V.V. Vinogradov
and his followers. Separate components of semantic structure of words A.I. Smirnitcki named as lexicosemantical
variants.
Polysemy is certainly not an anomaly. Most English words are polysemantic. It should be noted that the wealth
of expressive resources of a language largely depends on the degree to which polysemy has developed in the
language. Sometimes people who are not very well informed in linguistic matters claim that a language is lacking
in words if the need arises for the same word to be applied to several different phenomena. In actual fact, it is
exactly the opposite: if each word is found to be capable of conveying at least two concepts instead of one, the
expressive potential of the whole vocabulary increases twofold. Hence, a well-developed polysemy is a great
advantage in a language.
On the other hand, it should be pointed out that the number of sound combinations that human speech organs
Абай атындағы ҚазҰПУ-нің Хабаршысы, «Педагогика ғылымдары» сериясы, №1(45), 2015 г.
88
can produce is limited. Therefore at a certain stage of language development the production of new words by
morphological means is limited as well, and polysemy becomes increasingly important for enriching the
vocabulary. From this, it should be clear that the process of enriching the vocabulary does not consist merely in
adding new words to it, but, also, in the constant development of polysemy.
The system of meanings of any polysemantic word develops gradually, mostly over the centuries, as more and
more new meanings are added to old ones, or oust some of them. So the complicated processes of polysemy
development involve both the appearance of new meanings and the loss of old ones. Yet, the general tendency
with English vocabulary at the modern stage of its history is to increase the total number of its meanings and in
this way to provide for a quantitative and qualitative growth of the language's expressive resources.
When analysing the semantic structure of a polysemantic word, it is necessary to distinguish between two
levels of analysis. On the first level, the semantic structure of a word is treated as a system of meanings. For
example, the semantic structure of the noun “fire" could be roughly presented by this scheme (only the most
frequent meanings are given):
The above scheme suggests that meaning (I) holds a kind of dominance over the other meanings conveying the
concept in the most general way whereas meanings (II) - (V) are associated with special circumstances, aspects
and instances of the same phenomenon.
Meaning (I) (generally referred to as the main meaning) presents the center of the semantic structure of the
word holding it together. It is mainly through meaning (I) that meanings (II) - (V) (they are called secondary
meanings) can be associated with one another, some of them exclusively through meaning (I) - the main meaning,
as, for instance, meanings (IV) and (V).
From the polysemy of linguistic and speech signs we shoud differentiate homonymy. Within the language
vocabulary the words are not isolated, but included into particular systematic group what is more several other
ones at once.
Homonymous units have coinciding exponents (either sound or graphical or both). Among semantemes of
homonymous words there is no connection, which could attest the relationship of semantic motivation. However,
homonymy is inherent to all levels of a language, grammatical homonymy peculiar to the modern English, is not
studied well, is possible because of specific theoretical difficulties, equal to those that caused by lexical
homonymy. Both kinds of homonymy have series of common features:
-
Material (sound) coincidence of units, which have different meanings (grammatical homonyms can have
almost all semantic components) – a work (дело) - noun and to work (работать) – verb;
-
Both kind of homonyms originate in the result of actions of divergence processes (diachronic process,
leading to the increase of diversity in language system or according to derivation of new variants of existing units)
and convergence (historical process, leading to decrease of diversity in language system on account of vanishing
some variant and invariant diffeencies);
-
Both kinds of homonymy characterize greater prevalence in a language;
-
Homonymous grammatical units coexit alongside with polysemantic ones.
Homonymy is in general determined as coincidence on sounding of words, having different meaning. Besides,
homonymy sometimes emerges owing to incidental sound coincidence of words, which were originally different,
but during the historical development obtains similar phonetic form.
Lexical homonyms can take more or less significant place in the system of language. In English, language of
high degree of homonymy, there are counted 7000 lexical homonyms among widely used words, related to
different parts of speech.
Homonymy is connected in modern English language with using of restricted quantity of sounds to form
sound cover of suffixes, which is in its turn explained as the number of features of English language historical
Вестник КазНПУ им. Абая, серия «Педагогические науки», №1(45), 2015 г.
89
development (loss and falling of weakstressed vowels, coincidence and falling of some consonants, e.g. nasal [m]
and [n] etc.)
As for homonymy of grammatical suffixes it should be strictly distiguished:
1) homonymy of forms within the same part of speech;
2) homonymy of forms, belonging to the words of dofferent parts of speech.
First type homonymy is observed as in [ho:siz]: this sounding is contemporaneously sounding of either plural
form or possession of the word “horse” – “horses” and “horse’s”. Example of second type homonymy can be for
instance [drinks], where sounding of a verb “drink” (пить) – (he) drinks (пьет) coincides with the form of noun
“drink” (напиток) – “drinks were served” (подали напитки).
Word forming of different parts of speech with the help of homonymous suffixes is widely spread in modern
English language.
e.g. sounding of the nouns [(i)z, s] (orthographical (e)s) perform as the sounding of the number of
homonymous suffixes :
- suffixes of plural nouns (e)s: horse – horses;
- suffixes of possessive case s: horse – horse’s, children – children’s.
In English zero suffixation is widely spread, which enhances visibility of almost totally absence of
morphological means in modern English, and at the same time visibility of «amorphous» feature of the language.
Therefore in different languages we can denote these homonyms, which are absent in other languages. E.g.:
ear – ухо, ear – колос.
It should be mentioned that researchers of English language divide homonyms into those, existing only in
pronunciation (homophones), existing in written form (homographs), and existing in both pronunciation and
written form (homonyms themselves).
Thus, homographs (words with similar graphical component, but different sound exponent):
Lead [li:d] вести
Lead [led] свинец
Homophones differ in spelling but are pronounced equally:
Write [rait] писать
Right [rait] правый
Rite [rait] ритуал
Thus, homonymy in English language as in other ones could be extremely complicated phenomenon. The
phenomenon of polysemy exists not in the speech but in the language.
The problem of polysemy is mainly the problem of interrelation and interdependence of the various meanings
of the same word. Polysemy viewed diachronically is a historical change in the semantic structure of the word
resulting in new meanings being added to the ones already existing and in the rearrangement of these meanings on
its semantic structure.
Polysemy viewed synchronically is understood as coexistence of the various meanings of the same word at a
certain historical period and the arrangement of these meanings in the semantic structure of the word.
In the present work there was viewed polysemy, meaning of the word, some “words” about the notion “word”,
because it is really very important to know what the word is. It is impossible to speak about the role of the
meaning without understanding the “word”, the basic unit of language that unites meaning and form. The context
was observed. Attention should be paid to it.
There is a sentence, it must be translated, for example from English to Russian, theoretically if that who
translates is not a professional translator it is not necessary to know the types of context, and in general and to
professional translator too. During the whole studying a student is taught by teachers to understand the sentence
and then to translate it with the context help. He chooses the necessary meaning intuitively. But the observing
context types explain a lot, for example the choice of the necessary meaning. Sometimes you don’t know all the
meanings of translated word, and…you guess by context. Context is the minimal stretch of speech necessary to
find out individual meanings. Linguistic contexts comprise lexical and grammatical contexts and are contrasted to
extra-linguistic contexts. In extra-linguistic contexts the meaning of the experiment is determined not only by
linguistic factor but also by the actual situation in which the word is used.
1
Аничков И.Е. Труды по языкознанию. – СПб.: Наука, 1997. – 209 с
2
Арсеньева М.Г., Строева Т.В., Хазанович А.П. Многозначность и омонимия. 3-е изд. перераб. и доп. – СПб.:
Питер, 1996. – 127 с.
3
Сотникова Е.С. Смысловая неустойчивость многзначных предложений и проблема их адеватного перевода. //
Вопросы теори и практика перевода. – 1999, №2.
4
Арнольд И.В. Лексикология современного английского языка.
5
Литвин А.А. Многозначность в английском языке и речи.
Абай атындағы ҚазҰПУ-нің Хабаршысы, «Педагогика ғылымдары» сериясы, №1(45), 2015 г.
90
6
Ginsburg R.S. A course in modern English Lexicology.
7
Ворно Е.Ф., Кащеева М.А. Лексикология английского языка.
8
Антрушина Г.Б. Лексикология английского языка.
9
Palmer F.R. Semantics. A new outline.
10
John Lyons. Language and linguistic.
11
Дубенец Э.М. Современный английский язык. Лексикология.
12
Mednikova E.M. Seminars in English Lexicology.
13
Smirnitskiy A.I. Lexicology of English Language.
14
Berezin. Lectures on Linguistics.
Түйін
Лингвистикалық Yдебиетте омонимия жYне көп мYнділік немесе полисемия деген ұғымдарға қарай бірдей көзқа-
рас жоқ. Бұл ретте сөз тек "омоним" ұғымының түрлі қолданысы туралы ғана емес, дұрысы «сөз» ұғымының түрлі
анықтауы. Сонымен қатар, бір сөздің қолдану жолдарының Yр алуандылығы көрсетіледі.
Сөз – тілдің негізгі құрамының семантикалық бірлігі. Ол заттар атауын жYне олардың сипатын, құбылысын
шындылыққа қатынасын көрсету ретінде қызмет атқарады. Тілдің семантикалық, фонетикалық жYне грамматикалық
нышанға ие.
Көп мYнділік (полисемия) сөзге де морфемаға да (түбірлі жYне аффиксалдық) тYн. Сонымен қатар, ол конструк-
тивті объектілерге де тYн (сөз тіркес, сөйлем, мYтін). Көп мYнділік көптеген сөздерді сипаттайды (атаушы жYне
көмекші), оны қай тіл болсада түсіндірме сөздігіне қарап растауға болады.
Бірақ көп мYнділіктен омонимия ұғымын ажыратуды қажет етеді. Омонимия белгілері ұқсас бірліктерге ие
(дыбыстық немесе графикалық, немесе екеуіде). Омонимдік сөздердің семантемалар арасында семантикалық уYжде-
ме қатынасын көрсететін байланысы жоқ.
Негізінде, омонимия жYне көп мYнділікке байланысты екі көзқарас бар. Біріншіге байланысты, омонимдер алдын-
да формасына қарай түрлі болған жYне тарихи даму процесінде бір бірімен фонетикалық себепке байланысты ұқсас
болған бірдей дыбысталған сөздер болып танылады.
Басқа жағдайларда бірдей материалдық, дыбыстық сырты түрлі мағынаны «кигенде» сөздің көп мYнділік, полисе-
мия деп атайды.
Екінші көзқарасқа байланысты, тарихи тұрғыда Yр түрлі болған, бірақ бір тарихи себептерге байланысты дыбыс-
талуы ұқсас болған, сонымен қатар сөз көп мYнділіктің түрлі мYндері ұқасамаған жағдайда, оларды байланыстырып
тұрған қатынас үзіліп, екі (немесе одан көп) жаңа сөздер пайда болғаны омонимдер болып танылады.
Тірек сөздер: конструктивтік нысандар, диалектикалық тұтастық, тарихи даму, ойлау потенциалы, сөзжасам, зат
есімдер, көп мағыналы сөздер, омонимдер
Резюме
В лингвистической литературе нет единства взглядов на явление, называемое омонимией, и на ограничение его
от того, что именуется многозначностью, или полисемией. При этом речь идет не только о разном применении
термина "омоним", что само по себе представляло бы не такую уж большую беду, а скорее о разном определении
понятия "слово". А также о разном подходе к тому, каковы возможные различия между отдельными конкретными
случаями употребления (воспроизведения) одного и того же слова, т.е. какие различия между такими случаями
совместимы и какие, напротив, несовместимы с тождеством слова.
Слово - основная структурно-семантическая единица языка, служащая для именования предметов и их свойств,
явлений, отношений действительности, обладающая совокупностью семантических, фонетических и грамматиче-
ских признаков, специфичных для данного языка.
Многозначность (полисемия) присуща как словам, так и морфемам (и корневым, и аффиксальным), она присуща
также и конструктивным объектам (словосочетаниям, предложениям, текстам). Многозначность характеризует
подавляющее большинство слов (и знаменательных, и служебных), в чём легко можно убедиться, открыв толковый
словарь любого языка.
Но от многозначности (полисемии) следует отличать омонимию. Омонимичные знаки имеют совпадающие
экспоненты (или звуковые, или графические, или и те, и другие). Между семантемами омонимичных слов отсутству-
ет связь, которая могла бы свидетельствовать об отношении семантической мотивированности.
В основном наметились два взгляда на омонимию и многозначность. Согласно первому, омонимами призна-
ются только такие одинаково звучащие слова, которые искони были разными по форме и лишь в процессе исто-
рического развития совпали друг с другом в едином звучании вследствие различных фонетических, и в общем
случайных, причин.
Все остальные случаи, когда одинаковая материальная, звуковая оболочка "одевает" различное содержание,
признаются явлением многозначности, полисемии слова.
Согласно второму взгляду, к омонимам относятся как слова исторически разные, но в силу исторических
причин совпавшие, по звучанию, так и те случаи, когда различные значения многозначного слова расходятся
настолько, что материальная оболочка, связывавшая их, как бы разрывается, давая жизнь двум (или большему
количеству) новым словам.
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